Nuremberg (/ˈ nj ʊər ə m b ɜːr ɡ / NURE -əm-burg; German: Nürnberg [ˈnʏʁnbɛʁk] ( list ); in the local East Franconian dialect: Nämberch [ˈnɛmbɛrç]) is the second-largest city of the German state of Bavaria after its capital Munich, and its 518, 370 (2019) inhabitants make it the 14th-largest city in Germany. On the Pegnitz River (from its confluce with the Rednitz in Fürth onwards: Regnitz, a tributary of the River Main) and the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal, it lies in the Bavarian administrative region of Middle Franconia, and is the largest city and the unofficial capital of Franconia. Nuremberg forms with the neighbouring cities of Fürth, Erlang and Schwabach a continuous conurbation with a total population of 800, 376 (2019), which is the heart of the urban area region with around 1.4 million inhabitants,
While the larger Nuremberg Metropolitan Region has approximately 3.6 million inhabitants. The city lies about 170 kilometres (110 mi) north of Munich. It is the largest city in the East Franconian dialect area (colloquially: "Franconian"; German: Fränkisch).
There are many institutions of higher education in the city, including the University of Erlang-Nuremberg (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlang-Nürnberg). With 39, 780 studts in 2017, it is Bavaria's third-largest and Germany's 11th-largest university, with campuses in Erlang and Nuremberg and a university hospital in Erlang (Universitätsklinikum Erlang). Technische Hochschule Nürnberg Georg Simon Ohm and Hochschule für Musik Nürnberg are also located within the city. The Nuremberg exhibition ctre (Messe Nürnberg) is one of the biggest convtion cter companies in Germany and operates worldwide. Nuremberg Airport (Flughaf Nürnberg "Albrecht Dürer") is the second-busiest airport in Bavaria after Munich Airport, and the tth-busiest airport of the country.
Convergent Evolutions: The Conscious Of Body Work
Nuremberg Castle, with its many towers, is one of Europe's largest castles. Staatstheater Nürnberg is one of the five Bavarian state theatres,
Showing operas, operettas, musicals, and ballets (main vue: Nuremberg Opera House), plays (main vue: Schauspielhaus Nürnberg), as well as concerts (main vue: Meistersingerhalle). Its orchestra, the Staatsphilharmonie Nürnberg, is Bavaria's second-largest opera orchestra after the Bavarian State Opera's Bavarian State Orchestra in Munich. Nuremberg is the birthplace of Albrecht Dürer and Johann Pachelbel. 1. FC Nürnberg is the most famous football club of the city and one of the most successful football clubs in Germany. Nuremberg was one of the host cities of the 2006 FIFA World Cup.
The first documtary mtion of the city, in 1050, mtions Nuremberg as the location of an Imperial castle betwe the East Franks and the Bavarian March of the Nordgau.
A Tree Of Indo African Mantle Plumes Imaged By Seismic Tomography
From 1050 to 1572 the city expanded and rose dramatically in importance due to its location on key trade-routes. King Conrad III (reigning as King of Germany from 1137 to 1152) established the Burgraviate of Nuremberg, with the first burgraves coming from the Austrian House of Raab. With the extinction of their male line around 1189, the last Raabs count's son-in-law, Frederick I from the House of Hohzollern, inherited the burgraviate in 1193.
From the late 12th ctury to the Interregnum (1254–1573), however, the power of the burgraves diminished as the Hohstauf emperors transferred most non-military powers to a castellan, with the city administration and the municipal courts handed over to an Imperial mayor (German: Reichsschultheiß) from 1173/74.
The strained relations betwe the burgraves and the castellans, with gradual transferral of powers to the latter in the late 14th and early 15th cturies, finally broke out into op mity, which greatly influced the history of the city.
The Legendary Vladi Collection Of Historical Maps By Guernsey's
The city and particularly Nuremberg Castle would become one of the most frequt sites of the Imperial Diet (after Regsburg and Frankfurt), the Diets of Nuremberg from 1211 to 1543, after the first Nuremberg diet elected Frederick II as emperor. Because of the many Diets of Nuremberg, the city became an important routine place of the administration of the Empire during this time and a somewhat 'unofficial capital' of the Empire.
In 1219 Emperor Frederick II granted the Groß Freiheitsbrief ('Great Letter of Freedom'), including town rights, Imperial immediacy (Reichsfreiheit), the privilege to mint coins, and an indepdt customs policy - almost wholly removing the city from the purview of the burgraves.
In 1298, the Jews of the town were falsely accused of having desecrated the host, and 698 of them were killed in one of the many Rintfleisch massacres. Behind the massacre of 1298 was also the desire to combine the northern and southern parts of the city,
Arts Fall 2021
Which were divided by the Pegnitz. The Jews of the German lands suffered many massacres during the plague pandemic of the mid-14th ctury.
The largest growth of Nuremberg occurred in the 14th ctury. Charles IV's Gold Bull of 1356, naming Nuremberg as the city where newly elected kings of Germany must hold their first Imperial Diet, made Nuremberg one of the three most important cities of the Empire.
Charles was the patron of the Fraukirche, built betwe 1352 and 1362 (the architect was likely Peter Parler), where the Imperial court worshipped during its stays in Nuremberg. The royal and Imperial connection grew stronger in 1423 wh the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund of Luxembourg granted the Imperial regalia to be kept permantly in Nuremberg, where they remained until 1796, wh the advance of Frch troops required their removal to Regsburg and thce to Vina.
France Or Germany: State Torturers, Don't Go To The Wrong Place
In 1349 the members of the guilds unsuccessfully rebelled against the patricians in a Handwerkeraufstand ('Craftsm's Uprising'), supported by merchants and some by councillors, leading to a ban on any self-organisation of the artisans in the city, abolishing the guilds that were customary elsewhere in Europe; the unions were th dissolved, and the oligarchs remained in power while Nuremberg was a free city (until the early-19th ctury).
Charles IV conferred upon the city the right to conclude alliances indepdtly, thereby placing it upon a politically equal footing with the princes of the Empire.
Frequt fights took place with the burgraves – without, however, inflicting lasting damage upon the city. After fire destroyed the castle in 1420 during a feud betwe Frederick IV (from 1417 Margrave of Brandburg) and the duke of Bavaria-Ingolstadt, the city purchased the ruins and the forest belonging to the castle (1427), resulting in the city's total sovereignty within its borders.
Essen Germany Map Hi Res Stock Photography And Images
The Hussite Wars (1419–1434), a recurrce of the Black Death in 1437, and the First Margrave War (1449–1450) led to a severe fall in population in the mid-15th ctury.
Siding with Albert IV, Duke of Bavaria-Munich, in the Landshut War of Succession of 1503–1505 led the city to gain substantial territory, resulting in lands of 25 sq mi (64.7 km
The cultural flowering of Nuremberg in the 15th and 16th cturies made it the ctre of the German Raissance. In 1525 Nuremberg accepted the Protestant Reformation, and in 1532 the Nuremberg Religious Peace was signed
Elmgreen & Dragset
During the Princes' 1552 revolution against Charles V, Nuremberg tried to purchase its neutrality, but Margrave Albert Alcibiades, one of the leaders of the revolt, attacked the city without a declaration of war and dictated a disadvantageous peace.
At the 1555 Peace of Augsburg, the possessions of the Protestants were confirmed by the Emperor, their religious privileges extded and their indepdce from the Bishop of Bamberg affirmed, while the 1520s' secularisation of the monasteries was also approved.
Families like the Tucher, Imhoff or Haller run trading businesses across Europe, similar to the Fugger and Welser families from Augsburg, although on a slightly smaller scale.
Nürnberg Map Poster
The state of affairs in the early 16th ctury, increased trade routes elsewhere and the ossification of the social hierarchy and legal structures contributed to the decline in trade.
During the Thirty Years' War, frequt quartering of Imperial, Swedish and League soldiers, the financial costs of the war and the cessation of trade caused irreparable damage to the city and a near-halving of the population.
In 1632, the city, occupied by the forces of Gustavus Adolphus of Swed, was besieged by the army of Imperial geral Albrecht von Wallstein. The city declined after the war and recovered its importance only in the 19th ctury, wh it grew as an industrial ctre. Ev after the Thirty Years' War, however, there was a late flowering of architecture and culture – secular Baroque architecture is exemplified in the layout of the civic gards built outside the city walls, and in the Protestant city's rebuilding of St. Egidi church, destroyed by fire at the beginning of the 18th ctury, considered a significant contribution to the baroque church architecture of Middle Franconia.
The Art Of Illumination: The Limbourg Brothers And The Belles Heures Of Jean De France, Duc De Berry
After the Thirty Years' War, Nuremberg attempted to remain detached from external affairs, but contributions were demanded for the War of the Austrian Succession and the Sev Years' War and restrictions of imports and exports deprived the city of many markets for its manufactures.
The Bavarian elector, Charles Theodore, appropriated part of the land obtained by the city during the Landshut War of Succession, to which Bavaria had maintained its claim; Prussia also claimed part of the territory. Realising its weakness, the city asked to be incorporated into Prussia but Frederick William II refused, fearing to offd Austria, Russia and France.
At the Imperial diet in 1803, the indepdce of Nuremberg was affirmed, but on the signing of the Confederation of the Rhine on 12 July 1806, it was agreed
0 comments
Post a Comment